CLASS 11, UNIT -1 COMPUTER ORGANISATION ,IT SKILLS-802

UNIT-1

COMPUTER ORGANISATION 

Session-1: Computer Fundamentals

Q1: Name the first calculating device?

The first calculating device is Abacus.

Q2: What is Computer?

It is an electronic device that takes input from the user, processes the input according to the set of instructions and gives the output.

Q3: Name the language on which computer works.

The binary language, also called machine language, works on two digits 0 and 1. The on and off signals denote 1 and 0 respectively.

Q4: Define High Level Language (HLL). Give examples.

User friendly languages that use English terms for programming called as high-level language like C, C++, Java, JavaSc

ript, Python and many more.

Q5: What is Translator?

It converts the Commands given in high level languages into the binary language that can be understand by system.

Example: Compiler, Interpreter.

Q6: Difference between Hardware and software.

Hardware	Software
The tangible components of a computer. It is a hardware equipment. We can touch and feel it Example of hardware are keyboard, mouse, monitor, speaker etc.	The intangible components of a computer. It is a set of instructions. We cannot touch and feel it Examples of software are operating systems, word processors, spreadsheets, online calculators etc.

Q5: What are the characteristics of computer?

Characteristics of a computer:

1. Speed. Computers can perform calculations and other tasks at a much faster speed than humans.

2. Accuracy. Computers can perform calculations and other tasks with a very high degree of accuracy.

3. Diligence. Computers can work for long periods of time without getting tired or making mistakes.

4. Versatility. Computers can be used to perform a wide variety of tasks, from simple calculations to complex data analysis.

5. Reliability. Computers are generally very reliable and can be counted on to perform tasks as instructed.

6. Consistency. Computers will always produce the same output for the same input.

7. Memory. Computers have a large amount of memory that can be used to store data and instructions.

8. Storage capacity. Computers can store a large amount of data on external devices, such as hard drives and CDs.

9. Remembrance power. Computers can remember and recall large amounts of data.

10. Automation. Computers can be programmed to perform tasks automatically.

Q8: Name the cycle on which computer works?

 Input- Process- Output Cycle (IPO cycle).

Q9: Name the major Components of a computer?

Major components of a computer:

1. Input devices are used to enter data into the computer. Some common input devices include keyboards, mice, and scanners.

2. Output devices are used to display the results of the computer's processing. Some common output devices include monitors, printers, and speakers.

3. Memory is used to store data and instructions. The two main types of memory are RAM (random access memory) and ROM (read-only memory).

4. Central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It is responsible for carrying out the instructions that are given to the computer.

5. Motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer. It connects all of the other components of the computer together.

6. Hard drive is the main storage device of the computer. It stores all of the data and programs that the computer needs to function.

7. Power supply unit provides power to all of the components of the computer.

there are many other components that can be found in a computer, such as video cards, sound cards, and network cards. 

10: Name the five functional units of a computer?

The five functional units of a computer are:

1. Input unit. The input unit is responsible for entering data into the computer. Some common input devices include keyboards, mice, and scanners.

2. Memory unit. The memory unit is used to store data and instructions. The two main types of memory are RAM (random access memory) and ROM (read-only memory).

3. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations on data.

4. Control unit. The control unit is responsible for coordinating the activities of all of the other functional units.

5. Output unit. The output unit is responsible for displaying the results of the computer's processing. Some common output devices include monitors, printers, and speakers.

Q11: Draw the block diagram of a computer?

Q12: Define Cache memory. Draw the diagram of the same.

1. It is a very high-speed memory which is used to cope-up with the high speed of CPU. 

2. It is generally placed between CPU and Primary memory.

3. It acts as a buffer. 

4. It reduces the average access time to data from the main memory.

5. It is comparatively expensive.

Q13: Define RAM. What are the two types of RAM?

It is also called main memory, primary memory, or working memory of the machine. It is a primary volatile memory i.e. its data gets lost once the power supply is stopped.

RAM is of two types: 

• DRAM (Dynamic Random-Access Memory) 

• SRAM (Static Random-Access Memory).

Q14: Difference between DRAM and SRAM.

SRAM	DRAM
Static RAM is much faster than DRAM. Static RAM has greater storage than DRAM. Static RAM takes high power to perform It helps in creating a speed-sensitive cache It is costly	Dynamic RAM is slower in comparison to SRAM. Comparatively less storage than SRAM Dynamic RAM has less power consumption. It is used in main memory Dynamic RAM is less costly than SRAM.

Q15: Expand the following:

 a. ALU b. CPU c. CU d. RAM e. EEPROM f. ROM g. DRAM h. SDRAM i. PROM  j. EPROM k. MIPS

1. ALU: Arithmetic Logic unit

2. CPU: Central Processing Unit

3. CU: Control Unit

4. RAM: Random Access Memory

5. EEPROM: Electrically Erasable Programmable read only memory

6. ROM: Read only memory

7. DRAM: Dynamic read only memory

8. SRAM: Static read only memory

9. PROM: Programmable read only memory

10. EPROM: Erasable Programmable read only memory

11. MIPS: Millions Instruction Per Second

Q16. Differentiate between RAM and ROM 

FEATURES	RAM	ROM
Name	Random Access Memory	Read Only Memory
Purpose	Stores data that is currently being used by the CPU	Stores data that is permanently needed by the computer
Accessibility	Data can be read and written to	Data can only be read
Volatile	Data is lost when the power is turned off	Data is retained when the power is turned off
Capacity	More capacity	Less capacity
Cost	More expensive	Less expensive
Speed	Faster	Slower

 

 Q17. Differentiate between Input Device and Output Device                              

FEATURES                 INPUT DEVICE             OUTPUT DEVICE Purpose Allows users to enter data into a computer Displays the results of processing by the computer Data Types User-friendly input Machine-friendly output Examples Keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner Monitor, printer, speaker, projector Control Controlled by the user Controlled by the computer Complexity More complex Less complex

Session-2: Components of Computer

Q1: Define Motherboard.

• Motherboard: This is the main circuit board which holds together various components 

1. like CPU,

2. memory

3. connectors for the hard drive and optical drives

4. expansion cards to control the video and audio

                    and connections in the form of various ports (such as USB ports). 

• A main PCB, or mainboard, or mother board is the primary printed circuit board (PCB)

• It provides a connection to every component of the computer.

Q2. Differentiate between Primary storage and Secondary storage

Feature	Primary Storage	Secondary Storage
Access	Directly accessible by the CPU	Not directly accessible by the CPU
Speed	Faster	Slower
Capacity	Smaller	Larger
Durability	Less durable	More durable
Cost	More expensive	Less expensive
Example	RAM, ROM	Hard disk drive (HDD), Optical disc drive (ODD), Flash memory device Flash memory device

Q3. What is the hierarchy of memory capacity in computer 

Every bit of information in computer is stored in terms of Bits (Binary Digits) i.e. 0s and 1s 

• 1 nibble = 4 bits 

• 1 byte = 8 bits 

• 1024 bytes = 1 Kilobyte (KB) 

• 1024 KB = 1 Megabyte (MB)

• 1024 MB = 1 Gigabyte (GB)

• 1024 GB = 1 Terabyte (TB) 

• 1024 TB = 1 Petabyte (PB) 

• 1024 PB= 1 Exabyte (EB) 

• 1024 EB = 1 Zettabyte (ZB) 

• 1024 ZB = 1 Yottabyte (YB)

Q4. Write a short note on Hard disk drive (HDD) Optical disc drive (ODD) Flash memory device
Hard disk drive (HDD) It is a magnetic secondary storage device for storing the data and is fixed in the box of a computer. The program which is to be executed is first stored in the hard disk from where it is transferred to RAM. Optical disc drive (ODD) An optical disc is a data storage medium that uses a laser beam to read or write data on a reflective surface. Optical discs are typically made of a thin, circular disc of polycarbonate plastic with a metal layer on the bottom. E.g.: CDs, DVDs Flash memory device It is a small pen-like storage device of and can be accessed by directly inserting in the USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port. Q5. Define Processor. Name the unit used to measure the speed of Processor? The processor is responsible for executing instructions from the computer's operating system and applications. The processor has two main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and the control unit (CU). The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The CU directs the flow of instructions through the processor and controls the other components of the computer. The speed of the processor is measured in gigahertz (GHz). Processors may be classified on the on the basis of their speed, technology (dual-core, quad-core) and their manufacturers (Intel). Q6. Explain the role of Power Supply Unit. This component of the computer is the one which converts the alternate current power supply being received by homes or offices to the low voltage direct current required by the machine. Q7. ifference between VOLATILE & NON-VOLATILE. Volatile: Volatile memory is a type of memory that loses its data when the power is turned off. It is used to store data that is being actively used by the CPU, such as the contents of the current program and operating system. Common examples of volatile memory include random access memory (RAM) and cache memory. Non Volatile:Non-volatile memory is a type of memory that retains its data even when the power is turned off. It is used to store data that needs to be kept permanently, such as the operating system, programs, and user files. Common examples of non-volatile memory include hard disk drives (HDDs), solid state drives (SSDs), and optical discs.
Session 3: Operating System Q1: Define Operating System?  Operating system is the software that acts as an interface between user and computer hardware. A computer needs to communicate with both the hardware and software. Examples of some popular operating system are Windows, Linux, Unix, MS-DOS, SOLARIS, MAC OS Q2. Who is the father of operating system? Gary Arlen Kildall is known as the father of operating system. Q3. Draw the layered architecture of operating system?
Q4 What are the function performed by the operating system?

1. Communication Manager 

2. Resource Management 

3. Process Management

4. File Management

5. Memory Management

Communication Manager 

Manages the communication needs of the system, be it communicating with the peripheral devices or the internet, For this, the operating system uses special programs called drivers.

Resource Management 

The operating system handles the allocation of all such resources, the priority in which these are allotted to the various processes to get an optimum performance from the system.

Process Management

The OS manages, controls, schedules all the processes being executed in the computer. It decides which process gets the processor and for how long.

File Management

Operating system takes care of all the files and folders. The basic tasks that a user needs to perform on files are creation, renaming, deletion, copying or moving of a file or folder. All the files stored in a computer system can be located through the file system. 

Two main types of file system are: 

1. FAT (File Allocation Table)

2. NTFS (New Technology File system).

Memory Management

The memory management component of an operating system allocates memory to the processes in a dynamic manner that is allocated on demand and released when not needed.

Q5. Differentiate between Single tasking and multi-tasking operating system.

Features	Single-tasking operating system	Multi-tasking operating system
Number of programs that can run at the same time	1 (one)	Multiple
How programs are executed	One program at a time, the CPU is allocated to the program until it is finished	Programs are executed in short bursts, the CPU is switched between programs
How the user interacts with the operating system	The user must wait for one program to finish before starting another program	The user can switch between programs without having to wait for one program to finish
Efficiency	More efficient, as the CPU is not wasted switching between programs	Less efficient, as the CPU is switched between programs
Suitability	Suitable for simple tasks, such as word processing or browsing the web	Suitable for complex tasks, such as running multiple applications at the same time
Examples	Ms-Dos, Palm OS	Windows, macOS, and Linux.

Q6. Differentiate between Single tasking and multi-tasking operating system. Features Single-user operating system Multi-user operating system Number of users 1 Multiple How users interact with the OS Users share the same resources Users have their own resources Security Less secure More secure Complexity Less complex More complex Cost Less expensive More expensive Examples Personal computers and laptop Servers and mainframe computers.

Q7. What is Real time operating system?

A real-time operating system that processes data and events that have critically defined time constraints.

There are two main types of RTOS: 

1. Hard Real-Time OS

These systems have strict timing requirements, and delays in processing have serious consequences.

2. Soft Real-Time OS

These systems have less strict timing requirements, and delays in processing may not have as serious consequences.

Examples of the real-time operating systems: Airline traffic control systems, Command Control Systems, Airlines reservation system, Heart Pacemaker, Network Multimedia Systems, Robot etc.

Q8. Blanks

• The unit used to measure the performance of a computer is hertz (Hz). 

One hertz is equal to one cycle per second. The clock speed of a computer is usually measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz)

• Two main types of File system are FAT and NTFS.

• Operating System is the software that acts as an interface between user and the hardware.

Q9. What is FAT? Give an example.

File Allocation Table in a computer are stored and traced using a file system called FAT. FAT is used by the operating system to keep a track of files on hard disk. Various FAT systems are named on the basis of the number of bits used to store the data of FAT. 

For example: FAT 16 uses 16 bits to store data, FAT 32 uses 32 bits.

Q10. Define Batch processing operating system

Batch processing system: A batch processing system is a type of operating system that processes data in batches. Batch processing systems are typically used to process large volumes of data, such as financial transactions, payroll data, and scientific data.

Session 4: Troubleshooting and utilities

Q1. What is Trouble Shooting?

Troubleshooting is the process of identifying and resolving problems in a system. It is a systematic approach to problem-solving that involves gathering information, identifying the cause of the problem, and implementing a solution.

Q2. What are the basic steps of troubleshooting?

The basic steps of troubleshooting

1. Identify the problem. 

2. Establish a theory of probable cause. 

3. Test the theory to determine the cause. 

4. Establish a plan of action to resolve the problem and implement the solution.

Q3. What steps would you take if the monitor is not showing any display, or the screen is blank?

If the monitor is not showing any display or the screen is blank: 

1. the system could be in sleep mode

2. check all the connections

3. the laptop’s battery may be low. 

Q4. What would you do when your keyboard or mouse is not responding/ working properly?

If the keyboard is not responding: 

1. Check connections

2. Check for any damage

3. Try changing batteries in a wireless keyboard

4. The keys may be stuck

5. Replacing the keyboard

In case the mouse is not working: 

1. Check connections

2. Check for any damage

3. Restart the cordless mouse

4. Clean the mouse

5.  and replace the mouse if required 

Q5. What troubleshooting step will you take when the printer is not responding?

1. The printer may not be responding because:

2. It may not be connected properly or not switched on;

3. The printer could be out of paper; 

4. There could be a paper caught in the printer; 

5. Printer’s ink cartridge could be empty;

6. An incorrect printer driver may be configured

7. The IP address configured on your computer should match the Dynamic IP address allocated to the printer.

8. When the print jobs are being sent to the wrong printer: change the default printer 

Q6. What troubleshooting step will you take when the computer is unable to connect to the network?

When the computer is unable to connect to the network

1. check the network connectivity

2. check the validity of IP address

3. the network fly lead 

4. network card may not be working properly.

Q7. What to do when an application freeze?

Forcefully end the application or restart the computer.

Q8. Explain how you would check the validity of the IP address

1. Use an online IP address checker. 

2. Use a command-line tool use a tool like ping or nslookup to check the validity of an IP address

Q9. How can one free disk space on the computer?

1. To free space on the hard drive:

2. run a disk clean up application; 

3. delete unused files and programs; 

4. empty the recycle bin

5. remove temporary files

6. run the disk defragmentation program

7. remove unused shortcuts and program services.

Q10. What are the troubleshooting steps taken when an application freezes? (any 3)

 

1.    1.    Forcefully end the application or restart the computer. or do any of the following

2. Check the Task Manager. Open the Task Manager (Ctrl + Shift + Esc) and go to the "Apps" tab. Find the frozen application in the list and click the "End task" button.
3. Restart the computer. 
4. Update the application
5. Update the operating system
6. Run a virus scan
7. Uninstall and reinstall the application.